Simply shift smelting where there’s hydropower and look to conservation for jobs.

In today’s Age, there is a lengthy and clear discussion of the problems posed for Australia’s extremely high greenhouse emissions by Portland’s and Geelong’s aluminum smelters, and how things have changed since the smelter first opened in 1979 (people forget it was the year of the inaccurate and destructive Lonie Report for which Robin Underwood really should still be prosecuted given the environmental damage of expanded car usage).

The Age is saying that the government is maintaining subsidies to the aluminum smelting industry to prevent it moving overseas “into the arms of countries with little carbon conscience” is the best thing that can be done.

I cannot agree with that at all. If we exclude sub-Saharan Africa and perhaps the Pacific, virtually every nation in the world now has more “carbon conscience” that Australia. Moreover, I cannot see it likely that sub-Saharan Africa is being proposed as a location for new aluminum smelters!

Because likely energy sources in developing nations are closer to major population centres and are  likely to be hydropower, it is actually probable that any large-scale movement of jobs will reduce greenhouse emissions in spite of far lower government standards. Since Australia’s extremely old soils and low runoff coefficients completely rule out reliable hydropower, the cost might also be less than improving the energy efficiency of brown coal.

When it comes to jobs in areas affected, we must take George Megalogenis’ call that Australia cease growing crops for export on its extremely old and impoverished soils at a time when the subtropical dry belt is moving a degree poleward every three years and according to Tertiary paleoclimate records will not settle until Tasmania is completely within the arid zone. A logical replacement would be conservation: Australia’s uniquely fragile soils and geology ought to be ample justification that it have a level of conservation far, far greater than any other continent. The real aim, given likely climates in the next decade, should be that all land from the south coast at least as far as Dubbo be returned to native flora – and that the road and coal lobbies pay the price for this.

Farmers abroad also should be willing to pay for this since revegetation of Australia’s farmland – exceptionally labour-efficient but unsustainable even with the best technology – will allow them to make money without subsidies that strangle and innovation and produce wasteful spending on pesticides and excessive fertiliser use.

Sam Harris is half-right

Atheist philosopher Sam Harris, a favourite of my brother, has argued that religious people are more motivated by emotional reactions than are atheists.

"A comparison of both stimulus categories suggests that religious thinking is more associated with brain regions that govern emotion, self-representation, and cognitive conflict, while thinking about ordinary facts is more reliant upon memory retrieval networks."

It is surprising that someone as unlikely to see both sides as Sam Harris can - at least in a very broad sense - come to conclusions that are not radically different from what I argue here.

Psychologist Michael Fitzgerald, in discussion with me, has agreed with my point that high empathy, conservatism and religiosity are tightly linked, despite opposition to this viewpoint from my relatives. Religious belief is undoubtedly very closely related to personal experience ("cognitive conflict" means conflict between right and wrong) and how someone feel about it, whereas mere memory without any feeling (as I have so much of about my childhood) is unlikely to be related to religion because people are unlikely to learn much from it (I will state straightforwardly that I seldom learn from the mistakes I made as a child when really pressed).

The problem with Sam Harris is that he - and other ethicists who hate him - fails to realise that there is an important psychological distinction between:

1. shallow, spontaneous emotions and
2. deep-rooted emotions

Astrology, for all the absurdity of planets being able to influence personal behaviour, is correct in its theory that there is a crucial distinction between shallow, short-lived emotional reactions (represented by fire signs) and deep, empathetic emotional reactions (represented by water signs). It is because of this confusion that one has claims:

"People "accept religion on emotional grounds" - I look around today, and the most emotional people I see are atheists."

The emotion of these atheists is likely to be really what Myers-Briggs theorists call "intuitive" types or what astrologers call fiery types, and is not true "feeling". Truly feeling-oriented types are likely to view rigid gender roles are a necessity, laws against extramarital sex or contraception as protecting women, and limited government as protecting people's privacy. They are even more likely to see respect for tradition as critical to the advancement of cultures and to fear rapid breaks from tradition in pursuit of individual freedom to do whatever one desires.

It is strange that religious conservatives do not recognise these points, preferring to compete on a field where they simply cannot win. It is no wonder religious conservatives who do not know how (or if) they can use their strength at a truly deep emotional level make so many lamentations nowadays.

Yet, this does not mean atheists like Sam Harris are right to yearn for (if they haven't already got) a world in which truly deep emotion has disappeared. The effects on demography and economics (government debt) are such that questioning the assumption a world divorced from deep emotions is a utopia cannot be a bad thing.

Bush Senior Era’s revolutionary nature revealed through music

In this article, KEXP FM has a look at what its listeners regard as the best years for music. In order to avoid albums that might not hold up well with age, I will exclude years listed by the station since 2000, and the final result for the best years in music is this:

1. 1991:
   The La’s (The La’s)
   Teenage Fanclub (Bandwagonesque)
   Nirvana (Nevermind)
   Soundgarden (Badmotorfinger)
   Throwing Muses (The Real Ramona)
   My Bloody Valentine (Loveless)
2. 1966:
   Bob Dylan (Bob Dylan Live, 1966: The Royal Albert Hall)
   The Beatles (Revolver)
   The Beach Boys (Pet Sounds)
   The Sonics (Boom)
   ? Mark & the Mysterians (“96 Tears”)
   The Troggs (“Wild Thing”)
   James Brown (“I Got You (I Feel Good)”)
   Swinging Medalions (“Double Shot”)
   Bobby Fuller Four (“I Fought The Law”)
   Johnny Rivers (“And I Know You Wanna Dance”)
3. 1994:
   Sugar (File Under Easy Listening)
   Beastie Boys (Ill Communication)
   Veruca Salt (American Thighs)
   Portishead (Dummy)
   Guided By Voices (Bee Thousand)
   Pavement (Crooked Rain Crooked Rain)
   Built To Spill (There’s Nothing Wrong with Love)
   Beck (Mellow Gold)
4. 1977:
   The Jam (In the City)
   Ramones (Rocket to Russia)
   The Stranglers (No More Heroes)
   Iggy Pop (The Idiot)
   Richard Hell & the Voidoids (Blank Generation)
   Elvis Costello (My Aim Is True)
   Bob Marley and the Wailers (Exodus)
   Wire (Pink Flag)
   Television (Marquee Moon)
   Talking Heads (Talking Heads: 77)
5. 1979:
   AC/DC (Highway to Hell)
   Sex Pistols (The Great Rock and Roll Swindle)
   Cheap Tricks (Dream Police)
   The Undertones (Kicks)
   The Police (Regatta de Blanc)
   Joy Division (Unknown Pleasures)
   Neil Young and Crazy Horse (Rust Never Sleeps)
   The B-52’s (The B-52’s)
   The Clash (London Calling)
   The Jam (Setting Sons)
   Gang of Four (Entertainment!)
6. 1997:
   Old 97’s (Too Far to Care)
   Modest Mouse (The Lonesome Crowded West)
   Pavement (Brighten the Corners)
   Richard Buckner (Devotion + Doubt)
   Built To Spill (Perfect from Now On)
   Elliott Smith (Either/Or)
   Cornershop (When I Was Born for the Seventh Time)
   Sleater-Kinney (Dig Me Out)
   Yo La Tengo (I Can Hear the Heart Beating as One)
7. 1992:
   Lemonheads (It’s a Shame about Ray)
   Buffalo Tom (Let Me Come Over)
   Pavement (Slanted and Enchanted)
   Sonic Youth (Dirty)
   The Jesus and Mary Chain (Honey’s Dead)
   L7 (Bricks Are Heavy)
   Alice In Chains (Dirt)
8. 1993:
   Afghan Whigs (Gentlemen)
   Radiohead (Pablo Honey)
   Nirvana (In Utero)
   Liz Phair (Exile in Guyville)
   Björk (Debut)
   Snoop Doggy (Dog What’s My Name?)
   Frank Black (Frank Black)
   James (Laid)
   Catherine Wheel (Chrome)
   U2 (Zooropa)
   The Breeders (Last Splash)
   Belly (Star)
   New Order (Republic)
9. 1968:
   Love (Forever Changes)
   Marvin Gaye (“I Heard It Through the Grapevine’)
   Sly and the Family Stone (Dance To the Music)
   The Doors (Waiting for the Sun)
   James Brown (Live at the Apollo)
   Johnny Cash (Folsom Prison Blues)
   The Zombies (Odysessey and Oracle)
   Elvis Presley (68 Comeback Special)
   Rolling Stones (Beggars’ Banquet)
   Van Morrison (Astral Weeks)
   Bob Dylan (John Wesley Harding)
   The Beatles (The White Album)

If you look carefully, you will notice the three early 1990s years that form the heart of the Bush Senior Era.
What is more, these years make it without any of the

1. thrash albums by Slayer, Pantera or Sepultura
2. rap albums by Public Enemy, N.W.A., A Tribe Called Quest etc.

If we were to add all the culturally influential albums from those two genres made during the Bush Senior Era, we see an era of great radicalism. For all Leaf's failings in his Politically Incorrect Guide to the Sixties, he is able to show in

The Conscience of Kansas- interview Leaf, Tyler, NEA's Vi...

The Conscience of Kansas

this interview that the whole Reagan Era was much more sexually radical than even the late 1960s.

One gets the impression that the Reagan Era was the closest America has ever got to the typical story of twentieth-century urban Europe - a nation of atheists ruled by a religious elite - and that the Bush Senior Era’s radicalism was an inevitable result, even if the collapse of Stalinism and Hussein’s invasion of oil-soaked Kuwait overshadow this in typical histories (apart from the L.A. riots).

Rhino poaching soaring

According to this article, rhino poaching in South Africa's famous national parks has reached such a level that the government has had to do something about it.

It reports that, because of the high demand for rhinoceros products in Asia, more than eighty rhinos have been killed by poachers, with thirty-three of them near the border with Mozambique. In fact, all the poachers so far arrested have been Mozambican citizens, which suggests that it is poverty that is the primary cause of people engaging in killing rhinos.

Privatisation of rhinos is the favourite suggestion of Robert P. Murphy as the solution, so that if rhinos have value, than private owners will want to make poaching costly enough in terms of access that owners of rhinos will gain enough money to ensure that only a tiny number are ever killed.

The trouble I have always thought is that it is possible that those who deal in rhino horn want rhinos to become extinct because the prestige rhino horn would carry could multiply. If it did, rhino horn could rise to orders of magnitude above its present price of $100 per gram, and it is easy to imagine the wealthy dealers currently existing bargaining on such increases in a legalised market.

Moreover, since the supply of rhino horn, owing to the animals' territorial behaviour and slow growth rate, is necessarily inelastic, prices rises would have to be large to reduce demand. Moreover, is there not a possibility that rhinos could be owned by the very people who make huge profits today from dealing in its horn?

Unwind's seven worst artists

Recently, a site called Unwind has made a list of the seven (actually "Top Five" but they give two ties) worst artists in music history. The list is:

1. Nickelback
2. Kid Rock
3. (equal second) Uncle Cracker
4. Sheryl Crow
5. (equal with Crow) Melissa Etheridge
6. Michael Bolton
7. Hinder

One cannot really think too much of the list, which is far more stereotyped and focused on a small number of commercial artists after the rap revolution. However, I can say I agree with almost all the artists listed there, for it was after (and during) the rap revolution that I began to be annoyed by the music on the radio. Still, a list of seven artists can never be remotely definitive.