Showing posts with label radio. Show all posts
Showing posts with label radio. Show all posts

Friday, 22 August 2014

Proof of how insular our suburbs really are

Over the past decade and a half, just how insular and unaffected by prevailing trends in music and culture the suburbs in which I and most children in Australia were raised actually are has dawned upon me.

Even when I still lived at Keilor Downs, I was well aware that many different stations existed in suburban Australia. The vast majority of small stations, however, played extremely conservative and often very old pop music, and only Triple J and Triple R played anything different from what Joe S. Harrington and David Keenan demonstrated to me during the 2000s as extremely derivative commercial music whose originators were never heard on Australian radio.

What Triple J at all events played was generally even worse – tuneless, noisy grunge bands like Silverchair, the Offspring and Nirvana which I had so little patience with that it drove me off commercial radio when hearing the tuneless “New Mexico, New Mexico”. The music of community stations I already thought very uninteresting, but it was not as bad as those bands or the Presidents of the United States of America – and experience was making it tough for me to try “alternative” music as I thought “alternative” was all really violent and inspired people to say things like “I’ll (expletive) kill you” or “I’m gonna shoot you, (expletive)”, which had me worrying about my life.

However, reading about music on a broader scale showed that – whilst I was only able to listen to a very restrictive range of pop music – a musical and cultural revolution was happening in the Enriched World, whereby gangsta rap and thrash metal were becoming mainstays of most of the population, especially the working masses. “Generation X”, as it was called, took up radical individualism and radical egalitarianism as its basic ideals, ones that were heard on the mainstream of Australian radio very little and only for a few years in the middle 1990s before teen pop took hold of airplay.

As a young man, I assumed these ideals would be stronger in Australia because of its “car culture”, but now I recognise that the insular character of the family car is actually entirely opposite to the extreme masculinity (much more absolute hatred of traditional femininity) found in the Enriched World’s modern culture.

In recent times, election results and opinion polls show that we are witnessing a repeat of this divergence (in other words, a further divergence of suburban Australia from Enriched World political standards). Whereas Enriched and Tropical World cities are so densely crowded any child is enfolded in noise, as I can testify from being in Berlin and Singapore, most Australian cities are extremely quiet and there is ample space for families to play and enjoy themselves as well as study.

Under such conditions, it is clear that parents would prefer to avoid something at all angry, let alone the anti-religion anthem of the Enriched World’s Generation X – ‘(expletive) Hostile’

or what may become its equivalent for the Enriched World’s “Generation Y” and “Generation Z” – the overtly controversial ‘Pearl of a Girl’

because these would be disturbing to the establishment of family relationships. Indeed, it is very likely that hearing such songs would have an effect on community relationships in general, because their message is clearly one of complete individualism with laws to eliminate restraint thereon, as opposed to merely an absence of laws to limit individualism. At the same time, songs like ‘(expletive) Hostile’ are what can teach children about industrial-age Enriched World culture – the music taught in schools does nothing theretoward.

In 2003, Peter Rentfrow and Samuel Gosling in ‘The Do Re Mi’s of Everyday Life: The Structure and Personality Correlates of Music Preferences’ showed that there exists an “upbeat and conventional” category characterised by
“genres that emphasize positive emotions and are structurally simple”
which clearly corresponds to the type of emotions mothers would wish to convey to their children, rather than the “structurally complex” character of classical and jazz or the “full of energy and emphasise themes of rebellion” character of alternative and metal. It is thus not surprising that pop, soundtrack and religious music dominate in quiet and isolated residential enclaves distant from commercial or academic hotbeds. This is indeed the tendency I saw at every record store in the outer suburbs of Melbourne during my regrettable “galloping round the countryside” on buses a decade ago: the shelves, much more than in city stores, were filled with “easy listening” and country artists who would be considered dated by most in the Enriched World or inner suburbs.

Major and most minor radio stations are all present or past “pop and Top 40” in format – completely lacking are the college stations or non-classical public stations of the Enriched World – so that there is little incentive to play much variety of songs. Neither have genuinely cutting-edge bands toured Australia whilst in what critics regard as their “prime” – for instance Metallica were all but unknown down under until they released their self-titled album, whose change of style caused many old fans and later converts to their 1980s albums to rename the band ‘Selloutica’ or ‘Metallicash’. Young mothers and fathers would certainly turn off the radio if they played a song like ‘Pearl of a Girl’ whether they heard the blasphemous lyrics or not, whereas the students and lower-class workers of Enriched World cities, feeling unjustly treated by the market or politicians, take perfectly to them and their messages that people have every right to do whatever they want no matter how it affects others (emotionally as well as physically).

The recent findings of Jason Millward in the 18 August Advertiser should thus not be considered remotely surprising, although major radio stations used to have lists of the top 500 songs or albums of all time and still do “no repeat” days during the week, whose veracity I have always believed without ever bothering to check. Millward’s study, like last year’s election, should be as instructive to foreigners wanting to learn about Australia as to Australians themselves, and my hope is that it will begin a long-needed correction of misconceptions about Australia and its culture.

Saturday, 9 November 2013

NME’s Top 500: A “repeat” of ‘Rolling Stone’ in 2003

Today, in the Bailleau Library, I had a look at “best albums” lists on a special scholarly site and saw that British magazine New Musical Express had only a few months ago written their own “Top 500”. The identity of its top album, which I have seen strongly praised and aggressively criticised (citing the Warlock Pinchers “Morrissey Rides a ****Horse” in the latter case), was enough to make me have a look, and here is the full list, with albums I own highlighted in pink.
#AlbumArtistHarrington’s
List
Keenan’s
List
1The Queen Is DeadThe SmithsNY
2RevolverThe BeatlesNN(Y)
3Hunky DoryDavid BowieN(Y)N
4Is This ItThe StrokesNN
5The Velvet Underground and NicoThe Velvet UndergroundYY
6Different ClassPulpNN
7The Stone RosesThe Stone RosesNN
8DoolittlePixiesNN
9The BeatlesThe BeatlesNY
10Definitely MaybeOasisNN
11NevermindNirvanaN(Y)N
12HorsesPatti SmithYN(Y)
13FuneralArcade Fire
14LowDavid BowieN(Y)N
15Let England ShakePJ HarveyNN
16CloserJoy DivisionYN
17It Takes a Nation of Millions To Hold Us BackPublic EnemyYN(Y)
18LovelessMy Bloody ValentineNN
19Whatever People Say I Am, That’s What I’m NotArctic Monkeys
20OK ComputerRadioheadNN
21My Beautiful Dark Twisted FantasyKanye West
22ParklifeBlurNN
23The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from MarsDavid BowieN(Y)N
24Exile on Main StreetThe Rolling StonesN(Y)N(Y)
25What’s Going OnMarvin GayeNN
26Pet SoundsThe Beach BoysYN(Y)
27ScreamadelicaPrimal ScreamNN
28Back to BlackAmy Winehouse
29Marquee MoonTelevisionYN(Y)
30Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers)Wu-Tang ClanNN
31Dog Man StarSuedeNN
32Paul’s BoutiqueBeastie BoysNN
33Modern Life Is RubbishBlurNN
34Abbey RoadThe BeatlesNN(Y)
35In UteroNirvanaN(Y)N
36Blood on the TracksBob DylanNN(Y)
37Forever ChangesLoveYN
38Never Mind the Bollocks… Here’s the Sex PistolsSex PistolsYN
39London CallingThe ClashN(Y)N
40Unknown PleasureJoy DivisionN(Y)N
41Daydream NationSonic YouthYN(Y)
42InnervisionsStevie WonderNN
43Rubber SoulThe BeatlesNN(Y)
44The Holy BibleManic Street PreachersNN
45Parallel LinesBlondieNN
46DebutBjörkNN
47Strangeways, Here We ComeThe SmithsNN(Y)
48Hounds of LoveKate BushNY
49Sound of SilverLCD Soundsystem
50Dusty in MemphisDusty SpringfieldNY
51RumoursFleetwood MacNN
52Let It BleedThe Rolling StonesN(Y)N(Y)
53Station to StationDavid BowieN(Y)N
54Remain in LightTalking HeadsNN
55Sticky FingersThe Rolling StonesN(Y)N(Y)
56After the Gold RushNeil YoungN(Y)N(Y)
57The Man MachineKraftwerkNN
58Surfer RosaPixiesNN
59In RainbowsRadioheadNN
60Blue LinesMassive AttackNN
61The ClashThe ClashYN
62Blonde on BlondeBob DylanNN(Y)
63BlueJoni MitchellNN
64Highway 61 RevisitedBob DylanNN(Y)
65Automatic For the PeopleR.E.M.NN(Y)
66The BendsRadioheadNN
67(What’s the Story) Morning GloryOasisNN
68Astral WeeksVan MorrisonNY
69MurmurR.E.M.NN(Y)
70Up the BracketThe LibertinesNN
71HarvestNeil YoungN(Y)N(Y)
72TransformerLou ReedNN(Y)
73Bringing It All Back HomeBob DylanNN(Y)
74IllmaticNasNN
75DookieGreen DayNN
76DiscoveryDaft PunkNN
77White Blood CellsThe White Stripes
78SuedeSuedeNN
79Kind of BlueMiles DavisN(Y)Y
80Raw PowerIggy and the StoogesN(Y)N(Y)
81Trans-Europe ExpressKraftwerkNN
82TapestryCarole KingNN
83The BandThe BandNN(Y)
84Live Through ThisHoleNN
85Born to RunBruce SpringsteenNN(Y)
86GraceJeff BuckleyNN
87Sgt Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club BandThe BeatlesNN(Y)
88For Your PleasureRoxy MusicN(Y)N
89The Miseducation of Lauryn HillLauryn HillNN
90A Grand Don’t Come For FreeThe Streets
91Purple RainPrince and the RevolutionNN
92RadiatorSuper Furry AnimalsNN
93Songs for the DeafQueens of the Stone AgeNN
94Beggars BanquetThe Rolling StonesYN(Y)
95Spirit of EdenTalk TalkNN
96Fear of a Black PlanetPublic EnemyN(Y)Y
97The SmithsThe SmithsNN(Y)
98In the Aeroplane Over the SeaNeutral Milk HotelNN
99The LibertinesThe LibertinesNN
100Hatful of HollowThe SmithsNN(Y)
101Computer WorldKraftwerkNN
102The Soft BulletinThe Flaming LipsNN
103Electric LadylandThe Jimi Hendrix ExperienceN(Y)N(Y)
104FunhouseThe StoogesYY
105Rain DogsTom WaitsNN
106IVLed ZeppelinNY
107Rage Against the MachineRage Against the MachineNN
108PinkertonWeezerNN
109Darkness on the Edge of TownBruce SpringsteenNN(Y)
110Liege and LiefFairport ConventionNY
111DareThe Human LeagueNN
112Liquid SwordsGZA
113If You’re Feeling SinisterBelle and SebastianNY
114Kid ARadioheadNN
115BandwagonesqueTeenage FanclubNN
116ElephantThe White StripesNN
117The Lexicon of LoveABCNN
118Searching for the Young Soul RebelsDexys Midnight RunnersNN
119His‘N’HersPulpNN
1203 Feet High and RisingDe La SoulNN
121Selected Ambient Works 85-92Aphex TwinNN
122TechniqueNew OrderNN
12313BlurNN
124GracelandPaul SimonNN
125Live at the ApolloJames BrownNY
126Ill CommunicationBeastie BoysNN
127RamonesRamonesYY
128Urban HymnsThe VerveNN
129On the BeachNeil YoungN(Y)N(Y)
130Turn on the Bright LightsInterpol
131ThrillerMichael JacksonNN
132Dark Side of the MoonPink FloydNN
133John Lennon/Plastic Ono BandJohn Lennon/Plastic Ono BandNN
134Stories from the City, Stories from the SeaPJ HarveyNN
135The Marshall Mathers LPEminemNN
136Fever to TellYeah Yeah YeahsNN
137BlurBlurNN
138IllinoisSufjan Stevens
139DisintegrationThe CureNN
140Bryter LayterNick DrakeNN
141Natty DreadBob Marley and the WailersNN
142Histoire de Melody NelsonSerge GainsbourgNN
143DesireBob DylanNN(Y)
144Are You ExperiencedThe Jimi Hendrix ExperienceYN(Y)
145Odessey and OracleThe ZombiesNY
146Relationship of CommandAt the Drive-In
147Channel OrangeFrank Ocean
148NebraskaBruce SpringsteenNY
149Either/OrElliot SmithNN
150Original Pirate MaterialThe Streets
151DryPJ HarveyNN
152Deserter’s SongsMercury RevNN
153The La’sThe La’sNN
154To Bring You My LovePJ HarveyNN
155Music for the Jilted GenerationThe ProdigyNN
156Ladies and Gentlemen We Are Floating in SpaceSpiritualizedNN
157PsychocandyThe Jesus and Mary ChainNN
158Two DancersWild Beasts
159Entertainment!Gang of FourNN
160XTRMTRPrimal ScreamNN
161The SuburbsArcade Fire

162The BoxerThe National
163Neu ‘75!Neu!NY
164At Folsom PrisonJohnny CashNN(Y)
165Let Love InNick Cave and the Bad SeedsNN(Y)
166This is HardcorePulpNN
167Lady SoulAretha FranklinNN
168DummyPortisheadNN
169Don’t Stand Me DownDexys Midnight RunnersNN
170Siamese DreamSmashing PumpkinsNN
171Fear of MusicTalking HeadsNN
172Songs in the Key of LifeStevie WonderNN
173IIILed ZeppelinNN(Y)
174I’m Wide Awake, It’s MorningBright Eyes
175Young AmericansDavid BowieN(Y)N
176Want OneRufus WainwrightNN
177Young TeamMogwaiNN
178The CoralThe Coral
179Miss E…So AddictiveMissy ElliottNN
180Germ Free AdolescentsX-Ray SpexNN
181Music Has the Right to ChildrenBoards of CanadaNN
182Everything Must GoManic Street PreachersNN
183Speakerboxxx/The Love BelowOutKastNN
184KalaMIA
185Paid in FullEric B and RakimNN
186The BlueprintJay-ZNN
187Isn’t AnythingMy Bloody ValentineNN
188A Love SupremeJohn ColtraneN(Y)Y
189A Wizard, A True StarTodd RundgrenNN
190Piper at the Gates of DawnPink FloydNN
191ElasticaElasticaNN
192Franz FerdinandFranz FerdinandNN
193GoldRyan AdamsNN
194Appetite for DestructionGuns‘N’RosesNN
195A Hard Day’s NightThe BeatlesNN(Y)
196Rattus NorvegicusThe StranglersNN
197Back in BlackAC/DCN(Y)Y
198Sign of the TimesPrinceNN
199Giant StepsThe Boo Radleys
200Last SplashThe BreedersNN
201Hex Enduction HourThe FallNN
202MaxinquayeTrickyNN
203Teen DreamBeach House
204BadMichael JacksonNN
205Straight Outta ComptonNWANY
206Slanted and EnchantedPavementNN
207PearlJanis JoplinNN
208RisqueChicNN
209The Kick InsideKate BushNN(Y)
21069 Love SongsThe Magnetic FieldsNN
211NightclubbingGrace JonesNN
212Youth and Young ManhoodKings of Leon
213One Nation under a GrooveFunkadelicN(Y)N(Y)
214Moon SafariAirNN
215MezzanineMassive AttackNN
216Power, Corrruption and LiesNew OrderNN
217Lust for LifeIggy PopNN
218Primary ColoursThe Horrors
219All Mod ConsThe JamNN
220AlligatorThe National
221Broken EnglishMarianne FaithfulNN
222Fever RayFever Ray
223Neon BibleArcade Fire
224Heaven Up HereEcho and the BunnymenNN
225Electric WarriorT. RexNN
226The DoorsThe DoorsNN
227ImagineJohn LennonNN
228Brighten the CornersPavementNN
229Metal BoxPublic Image LtdNN
230Aladdin SaneDavid BowieN(Y)N
231The ChronicDr. DreNN
232Songs of Leonard CohenLeonard CohenNN(Y)
233Down in AlbionBabyshambles
234BehaviourPet Shop BoysNN
235Murder BalladsNick Cave and the Bad SeedsNN(Y)
236SuicideSuicideNY
237The xxThe xx
238Show Your BonesYeah Yeah Yeahs
239Boy in Da CornerDizzee Rascal
240New Boots and Panties!!Ian DuryNN
241Ray of LightMadonna
242Off the WallMichael JacksonNN
243The Hissing of Summer LawnsJoni MitchellNN
244SmotherWild Beasts
245Fuzzy LogicSuper Furry Animals
246MTV Unplugged in New YorkNirvanaN(Y)N
247GlasvegasGlasvegas
248The Slim Shady LPEminemNN
249The Fat of the LandProdigyNN
250WeezerWeezerNN
251Surf’s UpThe Beach BoysN(Y)Y
252VisionsGrimes
253Exile on Main StreetPussy Galore
254Meat is MurderThe SmithsNN(Y)
255The English RivieraMetronomy
256This Year’s ModelElvis Costello and the AttractionsYN
257The Boatman’s CallNick Cave and the Bad SeedsNY
258Five Leaves LeftNick DrakeNN
259Yo! Bum Rush the ShowPublic EnemyN(Y)N(Y)
260The SpecialsThe SpecialsNN
261Live!Bob Marley and the WailersNN
262Criminal MindedBoogie Down ProductionsNN
263I Speak Because I CanLaura Marling
264Please Please MeThe BeatlesNN(Y)
265Celebrity SkinHoleNN
266A Rush of Blood to the HeadColdplay
267StupidityDr. FeelgoodNN
268ToddTodd RundgrenNN
269SkyingThe HorrorsNN
270The Kinks Are the Village Green Preservation SocietyThe KinksNY
271LoadedThe Velvet UndergroundN(Y)N(Y)
272ParachutesColdplay
273The College DropoutKanye West
274GreenR.E.M.NY
275QuadropheniaThe WhoN(Y)N(Y)
276Ocean RainEcho and the BunnymenNN
277Reading, Writing and ArithmeticThe SundaysNN
278CutThe SlitsNN
279Trout Mask ReplicaCaptain Beefheart and his Magic BandYY
280DrukqsAphex TwinNN
281My Aim is TrueElvis CostelloN(Y)N
282Grand PrixTeenage FanclubNN
283Roxy MusicRoxy MusicYN
28413 SongsFugaziNN
285Midnight LoveMarvin GayeNN
286DustScreaming TreesNN
287Reign in BloodSlayerNN
288Music of My MindStevie WonderNN
289The Modern LoversThe Modern LoversYN
290Expecting to FlyThe Bluetones
291Younger than YesterdayThe ByrdsN(Y)N(Y)
292The New FellasThe Cribs
293High Land, Hard RainAztec CameraNN
294Myths of the Near FutureKlaxons

295DoggystyleSnoop Doggy DoggNN
296Let’s DanceDavid BowieN(Y)N
297Ege BamyasiCanYN(Y)
298Malcom McLarenMalcolm McLaren NN
29916 Lovers LaneThe Go-BetweensNN
300The Who By NumbersThe WhoN(Y)N(Y)
301World of EchoArthur RussellNN
302HomeworkDaft PunkNN
303Mingus Ah UmCharles MingusN(Y)N(Y)
304UFOrbThe OrbNN
305Every Picture Tells a StoryRod StewartNN
306The Freewheeling Bob DylanBob DylanNN(Y)
307Midnight VulturesBeckNN
308It’s a Shame About RayLemonheadsNN
309MetallicaMetallicaNN
310Countdown to EcstasySteely DanN(Y)N
311GuerillaSuper Furry Animals
N
312TreasureCocteau TwinsNN
313Frank’s Wild YearsTom WaitsNN
314SpiderlandSlintNN
315Cheap ThrillsBig Brother and the Holding CompanyNN
316Imperial BedroomElvis Costello and the AttractionsN(Y)N
317Grievous AngelGram ParsonsNN
318OG Original GangsterIce-TNN
319Who’s NextThe WhoN(Y)N(Y)
320SwordfishtrombonesTom WaitsNN
321Lost SoulsDoves
322This is HappeningLCD Soundsystem
323Bitches BrewMiles DavisN(Y)N(Y)
324Life’s Rich PageantR.E.M.NN(Y)
325Sea ChangeBeckNN
326I Can Hear the Heart Beating As OneYo La TengoNN
327MutationsBeckNN
328Yoshimi Battles the Pink RobotsThe Flaming LipsNN
329HeroesDavid BowieN(Y)N
330ThirdPortishead
331Kick out the JamsMC5N(Y)N(Y)
332HMS FableShack
333Band on the RunPaul McCartney and WingsNN
334Since I Left YouThe Avalanches
335…Like ClockworkQueens of the Stone AgeNN
336Raw Like SushiNeneh CherryNN
337The Grey AlbumDanger Mouse
338Ready to DieNotorious BIGNN
339TenPearl JamNN
340We Are FamilySister SledgeNN
341Closing TimeTom WaitsNN
342Lazer Guided MelodiesSpritualizedNN
343John Wesley HardingBob DylanNN(Y)
344Beautiful FreakEelsNN
345Punch the ClockElvis CostelloN(Y)N
346Low LifeNew OrderNN
347DirtySonic YouthN(Y)N(Y)
348WhitneyWhitney HoustonNN
349An Awesome WaveAlt-J
350BRMCBlack Rebel Motorcycle ClubNN
351Sweetheart of the RodeoThe ByrdsN(Y)N(Y)
352White Light/White HeatThe Velvet UndergroundYN(Y)
353Mclusky Do DallasMclusky
354Hot Buttered SoulIsaac HayesYN
355New York DollsNew York DollsYN
356BossanovaPixiesNN
357Copper BlueSugarNN
358Rock BottomRobert WyattNN
359We’re Only in It for the MoneyThe Mothers of InventionN(Y)N
360Room on FireThe Strokes
361A Nod is as Good as a Wink The FacesNN
362Hello NastyBeastie BoysNN
363DamagedBlack FlagYN
364For Emma, Forever AgoBon Iver
365Fresh Fruit for Rotting VegatablesDead KennedysNN
366Songs of Love and HateLeonard CohenNY
367Nights OutMetronomy
368Hail to the ThiefRadiohead
369Strange MercySt. Vincent
370Men’s Needs, Women’s Needs, WhateverThe Cribs
371OdelayBeckNN
372AtomizerBig BlackNN
373There’s No Place Like America TodayCurtis MayfieldNN
374In the Wee Small HoursFrank SinatraNN
375Vauxhall and IMorrisseyNN
376Live at the Harlem Square ClubSam CookeNN
377StormcockRoy HarperNN
378Pink FlagWireYN
379The Boy with the Arab StrapBelle and SebastianNN(Y)
380Silent AlarmBloc PartyNN
381Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps)David BowieYN
382Bridge over Troubled WaterSimon and GarfunkelNN
383Someone To Drive You HomeThe Long Blondes
384Elvis PresleyElvis PresleyYY
385Get Behind Me SatanThe White Stripes
386RevivalGillian WelchNN
387Combat RockThe ClashN(Y)N
388Happy SadTim BuckleyN(Y)N(Y)
389Le TigreLe TigreNN
390A Northern SoulThe VerveNN
391BurialBurial
392Beauty and the BeatEdan
393Dirty MindPrinceNN
394Chairs MissingWireN(Y)N
395De StijlThe White StripesNN
396L.A.M.F.HeartbreakersYN
397Reasonable DoubtJay-ZNN
398Everybody Knows This Is NowhereNeil YoungN(Y)N(Y)
399The Lyre of Orpheus/Abattoir BluesNick Cave and the Bad SeedsNN(Y)
400This Nation’s Saving GraceThe FallNN
40120 Jazz Funk GreatsThrobbing GristleNN(Y)
402Twenty OneMystery Jets
403VespertineBjörkNN
404No OtherGene ClarkNN
405Otis BlueOtis ReddingNN
406Rated RQueens of the Stone AgeNN
407Going Blank AgainRideNN
408Crooked Rain, Crooked RainPavementNN
409Tago MagoCanN(Y)N(Y)
410AnticsInterpolNN
411MadvillainyMadvillain
412Endtroducing…DJ ShadowNN
413Pills N Thrills and BellyachesHappy MondaysNN
414Dig Your Own HoleThe Chemical BrothersNN
415Chet Baker SingsChet Baker
416Merriweather Post PavillionAnimal Collective
4171977AshNN
418Electro-Shock BluesEels
419Let It Come DownSpiritualizedNN
420People’s Instinctive Travels…A Tribe Called QuestNN
421Radio CityBig StarYN(Y)
422Too-Rye-AyDexys Midnight RunnersNN
423Live at LeedsThe WhoN(Y)N(Y)
424The Joshua TreeU2NN
425Nancy and LeeNancy Sinatra and Lee HazelwoodNN
426GooSonic YouthN(Y)N(Y)
427Here Come the Warm JetsBrian EnoNN(Y)
428Born in the USABruce SpringsteenNN(Y)
429Bleed AmericaJimmy Eat World
430Scott 4Scott WalkerNN(Y)
431BadmotorfingerSoundgardenNN
432TindersticksTindersticksNN
4332001Dr. DreNN
434Steve McQueenPrefab SproutNN
435EasterPatti SmithN(Y)N(Y)
436MirroredBattles

437Dear ScienceTV on the Radio

438Aha Shake HeartbreakKings of Leon
439The FutureheadsThe FutureheadsNN
440Life’s a Riot with Spy vs. SpyBilly BraggNN
441ArrivalABBANN
442Al Green is LoveAl GreenNN
443Sometimes I Wish We Were an EagleBill Callahan

444ViolatorDepeche ModeNN
445TuskFleetwood MacNN
446The WarningHot Chip

447Diamond DogsDavid BowieN(Y)N
448Sci-Fi LullabiesSuedeNN
449AMArctic Monkeys
450Rid of MePJ HarveyNN
451Third/Sister LoversBig StarN(Y)Y
452The B-52sThe B-52sNN
453The House of LoveThe House of LoveNN
454The Writing on the WallDestiny’s ChildNN
455Vampire WeekendVampire Weekend
456September of My YearsFrank SinatraNN
457Black CherryGoldfrapp
458Yankee Hotel FoxtrotWilcoNN
459The Black AlbumJay-ZNN
460BleachNirvanaYN
461Generation TerroristsManic Street PreachersNN
462Master of PuppetsMetallicaNN
463PodThe BreedersNN
464Because of the TimesKings of Leon
465High VioletThe National
466The WWu-Tang ClanNN
467The IdiotIggy PopNN
468Chutes Too NarrowThe ShinsNN
469HollandThe Beach BoysN(Y)N(Y)
470GraduationKanye West
471Oracular SpectacularMGMT
472Mellon Collie and the Infinite SadnessSmashing PumpkinsNN
473A Storm in HeavenThe VerveNN
474Tarot SportFuck ButtonsNN
475Smoke Ring for My HaloKurt Vile
476Foo FightersFoo FightersNN
477Crystal CastlesCrystal Castles
478Trouble Will Find MeThe National
479The Real RamonaThrowing MusesNN
480I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love YouAretha FranklinNN
481SmileBrian Wilson
482Lady in SatinBillie HolidayN
483Blood and ChocolateElvis Costello and the AttractionsNN
484The RiverBruce SpringsteenNN(Y)
485Good Kid, M.A.A.D CityKendrick Lamar
486HomogenicBjörkNN
487Sound AffectsThe JamNN
488I’m Your ManLeonard CohenNN(Y)
489George BestThe Wedding PresentNN
490Back in the USAMC5YY
491ActuallyPet Shop BoysNN
492HiddenThese New Puritans
493BloodThis Mortal CoilNN
494The Head on the DoorThe CureNN
495Hot FussThe Killers
496AlbumGirls
497Random Access MemoriesDaft Punk
498BerlinLou ReedNN(Y)
499StarBellyNN
500StankoniaOutKastNN

What struck me when I compared this list with Joe S. Harrington’s from 2001 on Blastitude and the Rolling Stone list from 2003 is that the number of albums from Harrington’s list in this New Musical Express list is only one less than in Rolling Stone’s list (I haven’t checked agreement).

What this suggests to me is that New Musical Express, regarded in the past as less of a promoter of “popular” rock than Rolling Stone or Spin, is today no different from them. Writers like “janitor-x” have said that such magazines should ignore music that does not resemble 1960s music, like 1980s Metallica, Slayer, the Dead Kennedys and Black Flag, but this is hardly in evidence.

More than this, and probably more than with the Rolling Stone list, there is little consistency of any sort in the New Musical Express list, noted from when the Beatles’ Sergeant Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band was at #87 instead of being at #1.

The treatment of the most famous “popular” singers and bands since the “punk revolution” is not consistent either: if Whitney Houston gets one album, should not all the popular “easy listening” singers since then do so??

More than that, those who have studied music for as long as I have – which dates back to my discovery of Harrington’s list by an accident on Google in 2001 – are so aware of the large number of omitted artists that I have decided to compile a list below of twenty omitted artists from the writings of Harrington, David Keenan and Piero Scaruffi. Whilst I am in no way certain that these are the twenty most deserving omitted artists, they would certainly change the list quite dramatically if added.
A Representative Album by Twenty Artists Recommended by Two or More of Scaruffi, Harrington and/or Keenan and not on NME list
AlbumArtistNotes
Free JazzOrnette ColemanAside from Davis, Coltrane and Mingus, these three were the giants of avant-garde and free jazz during the period it was the underground music
Spiritual UnityAlbert Ayler
AtlantisSun Ra
The Hangman’s Beautiful DaughterThe Incredible String BandEither adored or hated by most; NME omission understandable given the magazine’s history as a promoter of punk music.
Live DeadThe Grateful Dead
Easter EverywhereThirteenth Floor Elevators
The Parable of Arable LandThe Red KrayolaRegarded by some as more experimental and eccentric than Beefheart; have heard but cannot agree fully.
In the Court of the Crimson KingKing CrimsonRegarded frequently as the first and best progressive rock album; though progressive rock is generally disliked at NME.
The Marble IndexNico
Master of RealityBlack SabbathOriginally reviled, latterly revered and amazingly ignored by NME.
Faust IVFaust
Tyranny and MutationBlue Öyster CultArguable the first pop metal band, often ignored by critics.
The Dictators Go Girl CrazyThe Dictators
Wild GiftXCritically revered post-punk band
Ace of SpadesMotörheadCited as the precursor to Metallica by that band, yet ignored by NME and many others.
Minor ThreatMinor Threat
Double Nickels on the DimeThe MinutemenAmong most critically beloved bands of 1980s, but never dented Billboard Top 200
Charmed LifeHalf Japanese
Twin InfinitivesRoyal TruxAcclaimed avant-garde band of 1990s
Slow, Deep and HardType O NegativeFrontman Pete Steele died in 2010; band known for its gothic metal style with humorous but dark themes

Wednesday, 8 May 2013

Why international condemnation of Australia is hope for the planet

Hearing of a ridiculous debate on GOLD-FM about whether the government should:
  1. build the wasteful East/West underground toll road
  2. spend more money on other roads
had made me wish to draw attention to the critical issue of how Australia’s exceptionally bad greenhouse gas emissions must be the initial target of every international environmental treaty.

Australia has the highest per capita greenhouse gas emissions in the world, yet has the fourth highest biodiversity of any country in the world according to the Encyclopedia of Biodiversity.


At the same time, Australia has probably the lowest average terrestrial and marine secondary productivity (that is, animal biomass per unit of land or water volume) of any country – let alone continent – in the world. Combined these imply that conservation of Australia’s exceptionally ancient and infertile landscapes should be one of the highest priorities for the international environmental movement. Even species listed as “Least Concern” due to “having an extremely large range” by the IUCN need to be considered carefully because home ranges for species in Australia can be more than 1 km2 in most of the continent as against many pairs per hectare in the Enriched World.

More than that, Australia’s large mineral resources give its governments a refused opportunity to pay for conservation of areas of land that Enriched World nations like the United States would struggle to do – especially were it to charge entry fees to visitors who might acquire appreciation of how different the behaviour of Australia’s flora and fauna is from animals native to the northern and western hemispheres.

In this context, the building of freeways – or even maintenance thereof – by any government in Australia is despicable. Australia has no need for these roads: they are a primary source of increased traffic congestion and financial losses for railways – to which Australia’s flatness and fragility makes it quite uniquely suited among the continents. Building of freeways is nothing more or less than the same policies that Australia’s governments have adopted to disastrous effect for the past eighty years, with very bad environmental consequences for the species-rich southwest and no reduction in traffic congestion. No doubt freeway building is viewed as convenient for outer-suburban families who desire privacy, but this “heart drain” from the Enriched World is unsustainable given Australia’s inherently low productivity in both food and water.

In a recent paper ‘Green Light for Green Agricultural Policies? An Analysis at Regional and Global Scales’, Wolfgang Britz, Thomas W. Hertel and Janine Pelikan show how local conservation in the exceptionally low-biodiversity European Union has the effect of potentially increasing cropland in the high-fragility Unenriched World by minimally 716 km2. This figure is small, but a more rigorous elimination of EU farm subsidies would increase cropland in the Unenriched World by between 3,000 and 4,000 km2. Eliminating East Asian farm subsidies would probably push this figure above 10,000 km2 of extremely marginal land which stores a large amount of carbon in its native flora (adapted to negligible high- and medium-grade phosphorus). That figure is for a useful comparison about equivalent to converting the entire protected area of southwestern Australia – already plagued by a linear 1.1 percent rainfall decline per annum since 1967 – to cropland.

Since it is that sort of land that would be converted under these conditions, one wonders whether the Enriched World would be better spending the money it outlays on farm subsidies trying to condemn Australia and Southern Africa for their poor conservation records? The fact that sanctions by the international community helped bring down apartheid gives, in my view, some clues about how the Unenriched World should be treated for its very poor conservation record – at all events considering its high biodiversity and low productivity. If the Enriched World were firmly united, it could tackle Australia in particular very effectively if it argued (correctly) that Australia is very largely responsible for problems related to man-made climate change outside its borders. Demanding a rigid zero- or negative- (via revegetation in areas expected to become arid) greenhouse policy for Australia will do much more in the long term than all the regulations Eurasia and the Americas have put up at high cost for little gain.

With international condemnation – or even the threat of suing – Australia’s road and coal lobbies would come under pressure never known from very weak political protests or feeble posters seen at recent visits outside Carlton North Post Office. That would be hope for the planet’s survival like nothing else could be!

Tuesday, 26 February 2013

49 straight in 2000: I was not the only one!

Back in 2000, I was convinced by Round 10 that not only would Essendon go undefeated, but that they were so good that North Melbourne’s World War I-era VFA record of 49 straight wins including three perfect home-and-away seasons would be likely to go in 2001. (Had Essendon gone through unbeaten until after the 2001 Grand Final, they would have had 50 straight wins and 51 straight home-and-away wins).

Most people around me in 2000 thought that even when Essendon had won twenty in a row that “49 straight” talk was ludicrous; however, I thought that Essendon were just too good to be stopped before 2001. Only two teams had pushed them within 24 points; whereas St. Kilda, Carlton, Richmond, Essendon and Geelong had all pushed Collingwood. Essendon in 1950 were flattered more by their 19-1 record for reasons we will soon discuss.

One major North Melbourne fan said to me about whether the 49 straight was threatened:
“Could Essendon have gone another 30 games had they not lost to the Dogs that weekend? History tells us it’s a moot point but it’s fun to hypothesise. My guess is no but that’s probably based on what happened in 2001. They began that year where they left off but after their big comeback against us [North] the wheels fell off. Distractions, injuries and form issues hit and by Grand Final day that year the very same list that powered through the second half of 1999, all of 2000 and the first half of 2001 were clear underdogs and were overrun by a new power and the Bombers have not been anywhere near a flag since. Nonetheless, did I consider that our record was under serious threat? Not really. No VFL/AFL team had ever gone more than 26 games undefeated - so there’s a reason why getting to 49 has never been approached and that is what eventually did happen to Essendon in 2001 (and Brisbane after 18 wins in 2002 and St. Kilda after 19 last year [2009]). Too much has to go too right for too long for one slip up not to occur.”
It was thus a surprise to me when I found Australian writer Michael Davis had said in effect (probably having never heard of North Melbourne’s VFA record) that 49 straight was not out of the question for Essendon, saying that not only was it virtually certain they would be the first undefeated VFL/AFL team, but also that they had a good chance of again finishing unbeaten in 2001 - which would have seen them hit fifty straight in the Grand Final.

Paul Salmon and some other Australian journalists, whilst they never talked about Essendon winning fifty straight, did say that they were producing a new era in football, although exactly what the 2000 Bombers brought that was totally new to AFL is not clear - whereas with many other famous teams it is possible to see how they influenced football, from the relentless attack of Richmond in the 1960s to West Coast’s super fast and tough defence in the 1990s.

What Salmon did not know, but which I have come to realise, is that data on standard deviations of club winning percentages in the AFL suggest strongly that the replacement of Waverley by Docklands made it easier to obtain very high winning percentages. This is not so much because what Salmon called “suburban slagheaps” (though the winter of 1929 was actually quite dry) can undo good teams, but because the elimination of the influence of rain and more especially wind tends to reduce the value of men of short or average height and/or speed. Windy weather on dry days actually requires shorter people with the skill of kicking low (like the ancient stab kick) in a way wet weather does not because a ball kicked as it is at Docklands would go backwards!

To some degree such differences were why St. Kilda, predicted to finish in the top four or five before the 2000 season opened, were dead last four and a half games behind second-last Collingwood. They were used to the leisurely speed of Waverley and were too soft for the less-skilled but harder play of Docklands. They also were, in a way I did not realise, devoid of taller players with mobility, and perhaps I should have been less critical than I was of their failed recruitment of over-the-hill Collingwood ruckman Damien Monkhorst - who in his prime would have been exactly the player needed at Docklands.

Closed roof stadiums instead increase the value of exceptionally tall people who are very scarce in the general population. When one depends on a small population, the skill level of the players can vary much more and results thus are more predictable. This allowed Essendon and Brisbane - both teams based on tall, mobile players in the last years of Waverley - to dominate the competition as nobody did in the 1990s. It has more recently allowed Geelong and Collingwood to do the same for seasons or parts thereof because other teams can no longer gain access to players of requisite talent.

It is by no means implausible that an undefeated AFL team will be seen soon - and seen without any expectation they would be the best ever - because of the influence of Docklands. Still, I will say that Docklands would not have meant doing 49 straight in the AFL of 2000 or 2013 would not constitute a greater feat than doing it in the second-tier VFA of World War I: the opposition was so much better and the game so much more professional!

Saturday, 25 August 2012

Not a “people’s” list, really!

Today, “hip” music webzine Pitchfork is releasing a list of the “best albums of the past 15 years”, as voted by “the people”. To be consistent with other lists I will only list their Top 100:
  1. Radiohead: OK Computer
  2. Radiohead: Kid A
  3. Arcade Fire: Funeral
  4. Neutral Milk Hotel: In the Aeroplane over the Sea
  5. The Strokes: Is This It
  6. Radiohead: In Rainbows
  7. Wilco: Yankee Hotel Foxtrot
  8. Animal Collective: Merriweather Post Pavilion
  9. Kanye West: My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
  10. Sufjan Stevens: Illinois
  11. LCD Soundsystem: Sound of Silver
  12. Interpol: Turn On the Bright Lights
  13. Bon Iver: For Emma, Forever Ago
  14. The Flaming Lips: The Soft Bulletin
  15. The xx: The xx
  16. Arcade Fire: The Suburbs
  17. Modest Mouse: The Moon and Antarctica
  18. Fleet Foxes: Fleet Foxes
  19. The Flaming Lips: Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots
  20. Radiohead: Amnesiac
  21. The White Stripes: Elephant
  22. The White Stripes: White Blood Cells
  23. Grizzly Bear: Veckatimest
  24. The National: Boxer
  25. Broken Social Scene: You Forgot It in People
  26. Daft Punk: Discovery
  27. Vampire Weekend: Vampire Weekend
  28. Bon Iver: Bon Iver
  29. DJ Shadow: …Endtroducing
  30. Beck: Odelay
  31. Belle and Sebastian: If You’re Feeling Sinister
  32. Beach House: Teen Dream
  33. Modest Mouse: The Lonesome Crowded West
  34. LCD Soundsystem: This Is Happening
  35. OutKast: Stankonia
  36. Phoenix Wolfgang: Amadeus Phoenix
  37. Elliott Smith: Either/Or
  38. Arcade Fire: The Neon Bible
  39. Kanye West: The College Dropout
  40. Radiohead: Hail to the Thief
  41. Panda Bear: Person Pitch
  42. Madvillain: Madvillainy
  43. The Postal Service: Give Up
  44. Animal Collective: Strawberry Jam
  45. Sigur Rós Ágætis Byrjun
  46. The Avalanches: Since I Left You
  47. The Shins: Chutes Too Narrow
  48. Dirty Projectors: Bitte Orca
  49. Spiritualized: Ladies and Gentlemen, We Are Floating in Space
  50. Beck: Sea Change
  51. Björk: Homogenic
  52. The Magnetic Fields: 69 Love Songs
  53. Modest Mouse: Good News for People Who Love Bad News
  54. The National: High Violet
  55. The Shins Oh, Inverted World
  56. Arctic Monkeys: Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I’m Not
  57. Yo La Tengo: I Can Hear the Heart Beating as One
  58. Kanye West: Late Registration
  59. Massive Attack: Mezzanine 
  60. Burial: Untrue
  61. Yeah Yeah Yeahs: Fever to Tell
  62. Boards of Canada: Music Has the Right to Children
  63. Deerhunter: Halcyon Digest
  64. Bloc Party: Silent Alarm
  65. M83: Hurry Up, We’re Dreaming
  66. Jay-Z: The Blueprint
  67. Animal Collective: Feels
  68. Queens of the Stone Age: Songs for the Deaf
  69. Sigur Rós: ( ) 
  70. Franz Ferdinand: Franz Ferdinand 
  71. James Blake: James Blake 
  72. Daft Punk: Homework 
  73. Portishead: Third 
  74. The National: Alligator 
  75. Animal Collective: Sung Tongs 
  76. The Strokes: Room on Fire 
  77. Wilco: Summerteeth 
  78. Elliott Smith: XO 
  79. Justice:  
  80. Deerhunter: Microcastle/Weird Era Continued 
  81. TV on the Radio: Dear Science 
  82. Fleet Foxes: Helplessness Blues
  83. The Knife: Silent Shout
  84. Outkast: Aquemini
  85. TV on the Radio: Return to Cookie Mountain
  86. Built to Spill: Keep it Like a Secret
  87. Air: Moon Safari
  88. Vampire Weekend: Contra
  89. OutKast: Speakerboxxx/The Love Below
  90. Kanye West: Graduation
  91. Wolf Parade: Apologies to the Queen Mary
  92. LCD Soundsystem: LCD Soundsystem
  93. The Antlers: Hospice
  94. Jay-Z: The Black Album
  95. Of Montreal: Hissing Fauna, Are You the Destroyer?
  96. Spoon: Kill the Moonlight
  97. Spoon: Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga
  98. M.I.A.: Kala
  99. Girls: Album
  100. The Microphones: The Glow, Part 2
The thing about this list is that so little of it represents the music ordinary people have been listening to in the past fifteen years. Although I have followed less and less commercial music since the late 1990s when albums qualifying for this list begin, what most people have been listening to during this period is quite different.

Radiohead have been described by “janitor-x” as “a one-hit wonder for mainstream rock radio and a corporate rock band for the underground”. This does give you some idea of what line Radiohead have walked (with a lot of success, of course) over the period under review. The same is true of the Strokes, whose music is nothing more than bland “alternative” rock. Arcade Fire and the Fleet Foxes, whose music I once lsitened to in a store, are the same: they hark back to the past without offering anything new.

The “freak folk” movement that made the most interesting music of the period since the grunge revolution of the Bush Senior Era is modestly covered, whilst such movements as metalcore (e.g. Converge) that people like “janitor-x” said represented the genuine underground are quite naturally completely overlooked. Although I have had little look in my extensive study of music at the primarily instrumental underground that arose from the fertile “post-rock” movement of the late 1990s, that still does not prevent me from overlooking it, although unlike metal and hardcore it has little popularity among the working masses in America.

Then, of course, it is possible to argue that there could be a failure in the list to represent movements that were genuinely popular, from teen pop to “nu”-metal. Whilst it is unlikely anything would be of value among such movements, there could still be more efforts to reach a different audience.

All in all, Pitchfork cannot be said to have created a “people’s” list, rather they have created an “academic’s” list that may not even reflect where music is going today.

Saturday, 15 January 2011

Comparing this year with 1909, 1923, 1941 and 1955

Although the weather in Melbourne for the foreseeable future will stand as very warm and sunny, all over the state‘s television channels is news that torrential rain has caused rivers in the north and west of the state to reach record levels. At Charlton the Avoca River is supposed to have reached its highest level in over 100 years of gauging as a result of the heavy rainfall on saturated ground. Because of the global-warming-induced dry period since 1997 (2010 is a story I can explain without remotely discarding the influence of man-made global warming but will not here) people in Victoria clearly are not aware of major flooding on the state’s rivers. On the news tonight it was stated by witnesses at the Maribyrnong River in the western suburbs of Melbourne that they had not seen bigger flooding since the 1970s.

I have read about the floods in May 1974 that were certainly much bigger than the current ones but will look at a number of floods earlier than 1974 to:
  1. see how these floods really do compare with floods under natural climate cycles (as I see it, anything after the early 1970s in Australia must under no circumstances be considered a “natural” climatic occurrence as rainfall data can clearly show it unlikely that they would be possible without extra CO2, CH4 and N2O.)
  2. see what differences can be found between a flood produced by an incursion of the super-monsoon vis-à-vis one produced by natural frontal systems or easterly lows
1909:

The year of 1909 was a year of only about average rainfall (relative to 1885 to 1967 average of about 440mm) over the whole of Australia and indeed only modestly above average rainfall over Victoria for the year as a whole.

In spite of this, the rainfall over all of Victoria except East Gippsland was very heavy during the autumn and winter, with the partial exception of July. August was indeed the wettest over Australia as a whole since 1891. It was this persistent rain and lack of sunshine that caused the ground over western Victoria to saturate by June and even a fairly dry July could not dry the ground because it was so cold: Adelaide’s mean maximum of 13.5˚C was the coolest on record for any month there. As a result, the ground was saturated when August opened - then the weather became horrible for the first three weeks of that month: rain fell almost every day and on the eighteenth it became unusually heavy, with many daily falls of over 40mm in the Western District, Wimmera and Northern Country. On completely saturated ground, that rain simply ran off onto extremely flat land, with the result that western Victoria became a vast lake. Donald, now the focus of rescue efforts in Charlton, was completely inundated and many sheep in the Western District died from foot-rot.

Flooding in August 1909 was certainly more severe than this year in the Barwon basin and the West Coast, where Warrnambool was under water and two people died from drowning. Stock and crop losses, considering the much lower total 1909 rainfall, were also severe.

1923:

Averaged over Australia, 1923 was even drier than 1909, but if we take only the winter rainfall zones of southern Australia, the West Gascoyne and Fortescue, 1923 was one of the most consistently wet years known. In Adelaide, for example, 1923 was the third wettest year since 1885.

However, the first four months of 1923 were some of the most rainless known in Victoria: April was the driest month on record in Victoria and followed the driest March. However, when the blocking anticyclone that caused the rainless weather moved away, rain fell ceaselessly for the next three months. June was the wettest on record over Australia by twenty percent and saw flooding all over the West Australian “Wheatbelt” (when it was climatically that). With no opportunity for drying off as the rain continued and continued, at the end of July the Avoca river rose to a flood level at the time seen only in 1909 and the pre-1973 record wet year of 1870 when Bendigo received nearly a metre of rain. That three-month period saw rainfalls over the Mallee and Northern Country that in relative terms are more astounding than the occasional heavy summer falls over the region: at Swan Hill June rainfall was five times the average. Thus, in spite of the ground being as bone-dry as for most of the post-anthropogenic-global-warming period before May’s rainfall, there was as much soil moisture by the end of July as would have been the case in a much wetter year. This was especially true when rain from the last of a dozen big lows in June and July exceeded all previous falls during the period.

The consequences for Western Victoria were seen via a major rail accident on the night of August 1/2. A train carrying both passengers and first class mail from Melbourne to Adelaide was travelling at a speed of 65 kilometres per hour, when ten mail vans carrying three thousand bags of mail from England, followed by a first class compartment and two sleeping cars, were derailed at a crossing of the swollen Wimmera River just out of Glenorchy and adjacent to Old Glenorchy Road. These derailed vehicles fell into the waterlogged ground, leaving only the second-class carriage and the guard’s van on the washed-away line. It took a long time before the sleeping cars and mail carriage were removed because of the boggy conditions.

This accident, in part owing to changed development, was certainly worse than any seen in 1909. However, the northwestern floods were not as high, and August was a cool, dry month that eased the problem. September, however, saw record floods in and around Adelaide owing to two vigorous fronts producing over one hundred millimetres in four days. At the peak, Adelaide resembled a lake more than it did a city.

1941:

Unlike 1909 and 1923, 1941. was somewhat wetter than average over Australia at 477 millimetres (about one twelfth above the 1885 to 1967 mean). In Victoria, though, the rainfall was a fraction below normal - though above normal in the Wimmera, Western Plains and West Central districts.

However, January 1941 was quite clearly the wettest ever known over Victoria. In the South Wimmera, Upper Northeast and East Central it was the wettest January on record; in the Western Plains, West Central, East Gippsland and North Mallee it was the second wettest on record. Because the rain fell in very heavy thunderstorms (Melbourne had more thunder days than in any other month since records began in 1856), less overall rain was needed to produce flooding. The result was that after the heaviest rainfall around Australia Day, record floods occurred on many tributaries of the Maribyrnong (Saltwater) and Werribee Rivers near Gisborne. Landslides were common in this area and in the Grampians.

Though this flooding was more akin to this year’s floods than those of 1909, 1923 or 1955, they were as a whole not so vast with the exception of a few specific areas, because of the drier soil from the February to October drought of the previous year, which was in fact drier than the corresponding period of 2007 or 2009 in currently flood-affected areas of Victoria. Overall, in fact, even with the man-made desert of 2006 in southern Australia, 1940 still remains the sixth-driest year over Victoria since 1871, and had that not been an influence the January 1941 rains - amazing as they are - would probably attract much more attention in climatic histories of Australia. They were after all much heavier than some more modern rainfall events that are more widely remembered by Australians.

The record rain of January did not continue for the rest of the year. Only in March, July and September was Victoria’s rainfall generally above normal for the rest of 1941 as a second successive El Niño took hold. June was however above normal in the Mallee, so the wheatbelt escaped drought, which was moderate and confined to the Northeast. That drought ended with another record wet month in May of 1942.

1955:

Unlike the previous three years, 1955 was exceptionally wet over Australia, being the twelfth-wettest year averaged over the continent since 1885, and by area-averaged mean decile probably the seventh-wettest over the same period. Rainfall became heavy in Victoria at the end of January after Melbourne had had its longest rainless spell on record of forty days from 17 December 1954 to 27 January 1955. Except for April and July, it was above average in every month from February, coming on top of heavy rainfall in November and December of 1954. As a result, at the end of July, western Victoria was already in a distinctly wet state.

However, what happened in August 1955 is something never to be replicated in this age where the Hadley circulation has expanded ten to twelve degrees poleward since 1967. Owing to powerful blocking patterns in the upper atmosphere, the whole of southern Australia was subject to what was described in the August 18 Age as:
“a vast belt of stormy weather stretches from South Africa to just west of the Macquarie Islands.
From almost as far south as Antarctica there is a series of separate storm centres continually moving clockwise”
The result was that throughout August 1955 southern Australia was subject continually to gale-force west- to northwesterly winds and utterly incessant shower activity. Although none of these showers were unusually heavy, they were so consistent that by the ninth of the month flooding set in over the wet Western Victorian catchments and persisted through to the end of the month, with further peaks on the 25th following an increase in the intensity of showers.

Owing to the lack of really heavy short-term rainfalls, the floods on the flat land of western Victoria during southern Australia’s “big wet” of August 1955 did not break any records. However, the flooding was remarkably persistent and widespread, with most rivers having several peaks during the month - a trend seen on other flooded rivers in southern Australia such as the Torrens in South Australia, the Blackwood in Western Australia and the Tamar in Tasmania. This reflects how it was persistent rather than heavy rainfall that cause the record falls of August 1955.

In contrast, this summer and in most other major flood periods all flooded rivers in western Victoria have had a single major flood peak. The flooding, combined with very mild overnight temperatures, did cause major rust outbreaks in wheat crops during the spring, although there was not nearly such persistent wet weather. Flooding, though extensive further east in September and October, was not nearly so severe in the west of Victoria.